Final answer:
General Antisocial Propensity Risk Factors include genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and observational learning, which together influence the development of antisocial behaviors. Factors such as temperament, exposure to childhood adversity, and peer influence also play significant roles. This complex interplay between various elements emphasizes the multifaceted nature of antisocial risk factors.
Step-by-step explanation:
General Antisocial Propensity Risk Factors are varied and numerous, involving genetic, psychological, and environmental elements that may contribute to the development of antisocial behaviors. Research, such as the one conducted by Rhee and Waldman (2002), indicates a significant role of both genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior, emphasizing a complex interaction between an individual's genetic predisposition and their environmental encounters. Furthermore, studies by Alegria et al. (2013) and Compton et al. (2005) suggest a variation in the manifestation of antisocial personality disorders with respect to sex differences and comorbidity with substance use disorders.
Social disorganization theory, highlighted in the context of criminology and sociology, posits that individuals from impoverished areas are more susceptible to engaging in deviant behavior, as noted by the mention of impoverished areas impacting criminal behavior propensity. This is echoed by the reference to research showing that children witnessing aggressive behaviors are more likely to imitate such actions, establishing observational learning as a notable factor in the proliferation of antisocial behaviors, as described in the work by Murrell, Christoff, and Henning (2007).
Other potential risk factors include individual temperament, childhood environment, and exposure to childhood adversity, which have been shown to correlate with the development of various personality disorders. This is supported by studies like those by Joyce et al. (2003) and Afifi et al. (2010), which link temperament and negative childhood environments to the likelihood of developing personality disorders later in life. Lastly, children with ADHD who are exposed to deviant peers are at an increased risk for substance use when they exhibit antisocial behaviors, as identified by Marshal and Molina (2006).