Final answer:
The statement reflects an external locus of control, suggesting one's outcomes are due to external forces. Good study habits, contrastingly, point to an internal locus of control and are crucial for success. Random guessing on a quiz has less likelihood of resulting in a high score without study.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement "my work schedule is crazy, so that's why I didn't study and failed the test" reflects an external locus of control, which indicates that an individual believes that outcomes are due to external circumstances or forces beyond their control. Alternatively, an internal locus of control would suggest an individual believes they have personal control over their successes and failures, such as acknowledging poor time management as the reason for not studying and failing. Good study habits and metacognition can contribute greatly to academic success. These habits include managing workspace, allowing plenty of study time, and self-quizzing, which enable critical reflection and thought, as opposed to making rushed decisions under stress.
In the context of the question, Jane's belief that her bad grade is because her professor doesn't like her also indicates an external locus of control. Furthermore, the negative correlation between watching TV and exam grades suggests that excessive TV viewing is more likely to result in poorer academic performance. As for probability, in a true-false quiz, random guessing leads to a 50% chance of getting each question correct, but achieving at least a 70% score would require getting at least 7 out of 10 questions right, which is significantly less likely to happen by chance alone.