Final answer:
The ISS orbits Earth every 90 minutes due to its close proximity, while the Moon, being much further away, takes about 27.3 days to complete its orbit. This difference in time to orbit is governed by Kepler's third law and Newton's modification of it.
Step-by-step explanation:
A satellite near the Earth completes its orbit in approximately an hour and a half due to its proximity and the gravitational pull of the Earth. In contrast, our nearest astronomical neighbor, the Moon, which orbits the Earth from a distance of approximately 384,000 kilometers, takes about 27.3 days to make a full orbit. This is based on the principles of orbital mechanics, which are governed by Kepler's laws as well as Newton's modification of those laws.
According to Kepler's third law, the square of the orbital period of a planet (or satellite) is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. This implies that the farther an object is from what it is orbiting, the longer it will take to complete a revolution. In the case of the Moon, its greater distance results in a much longer orbital period compared to a satellite that is much closer to Earth.
The International Space Station (ISS), for instance, orbits the Earth approximately every 90 minutes because it is much closer to the Earth's surface than the Moon. This difference illustrates the effect distance has on the orbital period of satellites.