Final answer:
The hole in the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes is known as the vertebral foramen, and together they form the vertebral (spinal) canal.
Step-by-step explanation:
The name of the "hole" through which the spinal cord passes in reference to the vertebrae is called the vertebral foramen. This opening is defined by the vertebral arch and provides passage for the spinal cord to extend down the vertebral column. Each vertebra in the spinal column contributes to this canal, forming a continuous passageway called the vertebral (spinal) canal, which encases and protects the spinal cord. Additionally, spinal nerves exit the spinal cord through notches known as the intervertebral foramina at their respective levels within the vertebral column.