Final answer:
The brain structure involved in hyperventilation is primarily the medulla oblongata, particularly the DRG and VRG, and the hypothalamus, which regulates breathing in response to various stimuli including emotions and physical activity.
Step-by-step explanation:
Respiratory Centers of the Brain and Hyperventilation
When we start to hyperventilate, the brain structure involved is the medulla oblongata, which contains the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and the ventral respiratory group (VRG). The hypothalamus and other brain regions associated with the limbic system also play roles in influencing the regulation of breathing by interacting with the respiratory centers. The hypothalamus is involved in regulating respiration in response to emotions, pain, and temperature, which can lead to an increase in respiratory rate. These brain structures are stimulated by various factors, including psychological stimulus, motor neuron activation of skeletal muscles, proprioceptor activation, and systemic arterial concentrations of hydrogen ions, especially during physical exertion or in response to high altitude effects.
The DRG is involved in maintaining a constant breathing rhythm by stimulating the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract, resulting in inspiration. When activity in the DRG ceases, these muscles relax, resulting in expiration. The VRG is involved in forced breathing and is activated during hyperventilation, where it stimulates the accessory muscles involved in forced inspiration and expiration. Peripheral chemoreceptors of the aortic arch and carotid arteries sense arterial levels of hydrogen ions and contribute to the regulation of ventilation, particularly in removing excess carbon dioxide from the blood during hyperventilation.