Final answer:
The economy in rural societies is marked by an emphasis on subsistence farming and cottage industries. Horticultural societies were the first to have permanent residents, and organic solidarity is a characteristic of industrial societies.
Step-by-step explanation:
In societies where the economy is largely determined by subsistence farming and/or cottage industry, the mode of subsistence is generally non-industrial. Therefore, the correct answer to this question would be c) Rural societies. These societies are characterized by small-scale production where families produce goods largely for their own consumption rather than for the market. Industrialism involves wage labor, the use of machines, and chemical processes to mass-produce commodities, and is associated with urban centers, while post-industrial societies are those that have moved beyond widespread industrialization to an economy focused on services and technology. Subsistence farming and cottage industries, by contrast, reflect a more traditional, local, and labor-intensive mode of production often seen in rural contexts.
The first to have permanent residents were c) Horticultural societies, which began settling and cultivating plants. This transition from nomadic lifestyles marked the first steps towards permanent communities. The concept of organic solidarity emerges in complex industrial societies where interdependence arises from the specialization of labor and the complexities of a market economy, as opposed to the simpler, kinship-based ties found in hunter-gatherer societies.