Final answer:
The early state formations in the Middle East include Sumer and Elam. Sumer was a highly developed civilization known for its cultural advancements, while Elam had a distinct influence and its own writing system. Both contributed significantly to the cultural fabric of the ancient Near East.
Step-by-step explanation:
Early State Formations in the Middle East: Sumer and Elam
Two early state formations in the Middle East are Sumer, located in southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), and Elam, situated in southwestern Iran. Sumer was one of the first civilizations, emerging during the Early Bronze Age, characterized by the development of trade, agriculture, and the establishment of industries like weaving and metalwork. Sumerians are also known for their advanced cultural contributions, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh and the treasures in the Royal Tombs at Ur.
Elam, another ancient civilization, was contemporary with Sumer and was strongly influenced by it in terms of art and architecture. Elam developed its own writing system and had its distinct deities like Insushinak. Though eventually defeated by the Akkadians, Elam's influence could be seen in various aspects of culture in the region.
While Sumer is famous for Sumerian city-states and influential leaders such as Gilgamesh and Gudea, Elam had its own powerful kings and distinct cultural identity. Both civilizations had a profound impact on the subsequent development of the Near East, contributing to what would later be known as the cradle of civilization.