Final answer:
Luis's age-related maximum heart rate is approximately 197 beats per minute.
Step-by-step explanation:
The age-related maximum heart rate can be estimated by subtracting the person's age from the maximal value of 220 beats per minute. In this case, Luis is 23 years old, so his age-related maximum heart rate would be approximately 197 beats per minute (220 - 23 = 197).
Therefore, the correct answer is c) 197 beats per minute.