Final answer:
The one-way clutch or overrunning clutch is a component used in starter motors to engage with the engine during the startup and then disengage when the engine reaches higher speeds.
Step-by-step explanation:
The component in a starter motor that allows the starter to rotate an engine and then turn freely if the engine speed exceeds the starter motor speed is known as a one-way clutch or an overrunning clutch. This device works by engaging the clutch only in one direction of rotation, allowing the starter motor to impart motion to the engine without being forced to rotate at the higher speeds that the engine might reach once started. The one-way clutch is an essential component of a vehicle's starting system, ensuring that the starter does not suffer damage due to excessive speeds that occur after the engine has been ignited and is running on its own.