Final answer:
Fluid retention and mood swings are side effects common to hormonal changes during menopause or from hormone replacement therapies, while hypervolemia and progesterone interactions can cause fluid retention in other situations.
Step-by-step explanation:
Fluid retention and mood swings are side effects largely associated with hormonal changes and imbalances in the body. These symptoms can be amplified during certain conditions such as menopause, or when undergoing hormone therapies like Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). Menopause can often lead to a decrease in estrogen, which is important for calcium metabolism. This can lead to symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, and mood swings. To counteract the negative effects of estrogen loss, HRT can be prescribed, but this comes with its own potential side effects, such as fluid retention and increased risks of stroke or heart attack, as well as various cancers.
In cases unrelated to menopause, hypervolemia, a term for excessive fluid volume, may also cause fluid retention. This can occur due to various factors including heart failure, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease, hyperaldosteronism, or the use of certain glucocorticoid steroid treatments. To manage fluid retention in these circumstances, treatment involves addressing the underlying condition that caused the hypervolemia.
Additionally, systemic edema and progesterone interaction can also play a role. Progesterone has the capacity to bind to receptors that, when activated, can lead to water retention in the body.