Final answer:
The Rashidun Caliphs took control of Muslim lands immediately after Muhammad's death. They were followed by the Umayyad Dynasty and eventually the Abbasids after the overthrow of the Umayyads in 750 CE.
Step-by-step explanation:
The group that took control of Muslim lands after the death of the Prophet Muhammad were the Rashidun Caliphs. The Rashidun, or "rightly guided" Caliphs, consisted of four leaders: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. Their reign spanned from 632 to 661 CE, during which they continued the expansion of Islam and conquered significant territories previously held by the Byzantine and Persian empires.
After the Rashidun Caliphs, the Umayyad Dynasty took control, establishing the first Islamic dynasty with its capital in Damascus, and ruling from 661 to 750 CE. During their reign, the Umayyads continued Islamic territorial expansion and established an empire sprawling from the Middle East to North Africa and parts of Spain. The Umayyad period was marked by significant administrative achievements and consolidation of power.
Ultimately, the Umayyads were succeeded by the Abbasids. In 750 CE, the Abbasid Revolution led to the overthrow of the Umayyad Dynasty, with the Abbasids claiming the caliphate. The activation of a revolutionary uprising was significantly spurred by those who believed in the right of Prophet Muhammad's family to hold the caliphate, particularly the descendants of Ibn Abbas, a cousin of Muhammad, which culminated in the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate. They ruled over the Islamic world for centuries, though their political power waxed and waned over time