Final answer:
Observational learning is a form of cognitive learning where individuals learn by watching and imitating the actions of others, rather than through direct reinforcement or trial and error. Albert Bandura, a prominent psychologist, is closely associated with this concept and his social learning theory emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in learning.
Step-by-step explanation:
Observational Learning and Albert Bandura
Observational learning is the process by which individuals learn by watching the actions of others and then imitating or modeling those behaviors. This type of learning extends beyond classical and operant conditioning by allowing individuals to acquire new behaviors without direct experience or reinforcement. The psychologist most commonly associated with observational learning is Albert Bandura. He proposed that this learning occurs through a set of steps, which include attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Bandura's work showed that humans, especially children, can learn behaviors just by observing others, such as parents or siblings, within their environment.
While other psychologists like B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov focused on operant and classical conditioning respectively, observational learning represents a significant standpoint within social learning theory, as it incorporates a cognitive aspect to the behavior modification.
The correct answer to the question would thus be (b): Observational learning is learning by watching and imitating others, and is associated with Albert Bandura.