Final answer:
Drawing mixed insulin entails preparing a syringe with a combination of different insulin types, vital for diabetes management. The effectiveness varies based on insulin responsiveness, with some patients experiencing little to no decrease in blood glucose levels. Synthetic human insulin, such as humulin, is meticulously created to mimic the body's natural insulin.
Step-by-step explanation:
When discussing drawing mixed insulin, we refer to the method of preparing a syringe with a combination of rapid-acting and intermediate or long-acting insulin doses for patients with diabetes mellitus. Insulin therapy is central to managing blood glucose levels in both insulin responsive diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-responsive cases. Insulin administration and its efficacy can vary; for example, Graph-A showcases the expected blood glucose level trend following insulin injection in insulin-responsive individuals.
For IDDM patients, the glucose level drops due to cellular uptake of glucose facilitated by insulin, and then rises slightly due to glucagon secretion, eventually returning to normal levels after about 2.5 hours. Conversely, Graph-B indicates cases where insulin injections do not result in a significant decrease in blood glucose levels, possibly due to defensive antibodies against insulin, defective insulin receptors, or other antagonistic factors.
To produce synthetic human insulin, like humulin, scientists combine the A and B chains of insulin after removing it from the ß-galactosidase fragment and then reconnect them to form disulfide bridges. The description of insulin monomer structure, as outlined in Figure 7.4.4, is also crucial to understanding insulin’s role in glucose regulation.