Final answer:
The results from habits of disorder are illness, stress, and tardiness, which are items II, IV, and V from the list. These negative outcomes are linked to stress-related diseases, disease-prone personality characteristics, and difficulties in time management.
Step-by-step explanation:
The items from the list below that are results from habits of disorder are illness, stress, and tardiness. Therefore, the correct answer is d. II, IV, V.
Habits of disorder often lead to negative outcomes such as stress, which can be a result of frequent activation of our physiological system in response to worrying about various life concerns, as described by stress researcher Robert Sapolsky. This ongoing activation can lead to stress-related diseases. Poor habits can also lead to illness, as discussed by Friedman and Booth-Kewley, who identified disease-prone personality characteristics such as anxiety and depression, and by various studies that highlight the impact of frequent daily hassles on physical health. Lastly, habits of disorder can result in tardiness, which may be indicative of imbalance or difficulties in managing time effectively due to disorganized or abnormal behaviors.