Final answer:
Sam's behavior of blaming his professor for his math test failure illustrates an external locus of control, which is the belief that outcomes are determined by external forces rather than one's own efforts.
Step-by-step explanation:
When Sam blames his professor for failing his math test, it demonstrates a concept known as d) external locus of control. The external locus of control is a belief that one's outcomes in life are determined by external forces, rather than by their own actions. In Sam's case, rather than acknowledging his own role in failing the test, such as poor study habits or lack of preparation, he attributes the failure to his professor. This stands in contrast to an internal locus of control, where an individual would take personal responsibility for their failures and successes.
Kim displayed a similar behavior when he failed his history course but attributed his failure to the professor's dislike rather than his actions of not studying or attending class. Jane's belief that her bad grade on a psychology paper was due to her professor's personal dislike for her also indicates an external locus of control. Both individuals externalize the reason for their academic performance instead of looking at their own actions or lack thereof.
On the contrary, individuals with a high sense of self-efficacy tend to have an internal locus of control and believe that they have the power to influence their own outcomes through their efforts. They are more likely to take on challenges, and when they fail, they see it as an opportunity to learn and improve, rather than blaming external factors.