Final answer:
Mao Zedong's goals in the 1949 Chinese Revolution included driving industrial development, implementing land reforms for peasants, promoting education and gender equality, and ensuring civil liberties.
Step-by-step explanation:
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) on October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong sought to transform China into a socialist society. Mao's objectives were the fulfillment of various Marxist ideals including industrial development, universal education, gender equality, land reforms for peasants, and guaranteeing civil liberties such as freedom of expression. He also emphasized changing foreign policy by aligning closer with the Soviet Union and recognizing the importance of peasants in the Chinese revolution, a divergent approach from traditional Marxism which focused on the industrial proletariat.
Mao initiated the Great Leap Forward in 1958, ambitiously aiming to propel China into the realm of industrial powerhouses. However, the program shifted focus away from agriculture leading to a catastrophic famine. During the Cultural Revolution starting in 1966, Mao targeted 'revisionists' through youth-led movements like the Red Guards to preserve ideological purity.
In terms of collectivization and approach to communism, Mao stood out by adapting Marxist ideas to fit the largely agrarian context of China. His belief was that the peasant population could be the basis for establishing a Marxist state, which led to the upheaval of traditional land ownership structures in favor of collective farming.