Final answer:
Categories for pushing violations of federal health care laws include Criminal, Civil money, and Sanctions, which may result from civil or criminal proceedings in state and federal courts. Unfunded mandates impose obligations without full compensation and can lead to penalties for non-compliance, such as reduced federal grants or legal action.
Step-by-step explanation:
The categories for pushing violations of federal health care laws include Criminal, Civil money, and Sanctions. Under criminal law, the government charges individuals or entities with crimes and the case brought to court represents the state's or nation's interest, such as in the landmark case of Miranda v. Arizona. Civil law, on the other hand, involves disputes between private parties where one alleges harm or injury caused by the other, and can include health care violations under federal laws, such as those related to the Affordable Care Act.
Unfunded mandates are federal laws and regulations that require state and local governments to perform certain actions without providing full compensation for the costs incurred. These mandates often come with a threat of civil and criminal penalties for non-compliance, including the possibility of reduced federal grants, prosecution, and fines. Enforcement of federal anti-discrimination laws, such as Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, may involve withholding federal funds or filing lawsuits against those who practice discrimination. In the health care sector, mandates from laws like the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act may involve a combination of penalties for non-compliance, aimed at ensuring adherence to the policies intended to expand health care access and affordability.
Both state and federal courts hear matters involving civil and criminal law. There are formal sanctions that may result from legal proceedings in these courts, including informal negative sanctions like fines or imprisonment, and formal positive sanctions like rulings in favor of the plaintiff in a civil case.