Final answer:
Integrated theories of crime merge various biological, psychological, and social factors, while life-course and developmental theories focus on the growth and change of an individual over time, contrasting with other positivist theories which may be more static or one-dimensional.
Step-by-step explanation:
To analyze what makes integrated theories of crime and life-course and developmental theories of crime different from other types of positivist theory, we look into their fundamental approaches toward explaining crime. Integrated theories distinguish themselves by combining various biological, psychological, and social factors to comprehensively understand criminal behavior.
In contrast, other positivist theories might focus on just one of these factors. For example, integrated theories may pull from social disorganization theory, strain theory, and other sociological understandings to formulate a multidimensional perspective.
On the other hand, life-course and developmental theories emphasize how an individual's growth and development over time contribute to behavior, including criminal activities. These theories, informed by developmental psychology and sociology, believe that development is a continuous process and that social interactions play a critical role in shaping an individual's behavior and identity at different stages of life. This is a distinct approach compared to more static positivist theories that may not consider the temporal and developmental aspects of criminal behavior.
Therefore, the answer that best captures the difference is (c) Integrated theories incorporate various criminological perspectives, and (b) Life-course and developmental theories emphasize individual growth and change over time.