Final answer:
Fluconazole, known as Diflucan, is a triazole antifungal medication used to treat systemic fungal infections including those in AIDS patients. It is chosen for its ability to inhibit ergosterol synthesis with fewer side effects. Fluconazole can be given orally or intravenously and is also used as a preventive measure in immunocompromised patients.
Step-by-step explanation:
Fluconazole, also known by the brand name Diflucan, is a triazole antifungal medication used to treat a variety of fungal infections. It is capable of treating systemic yeast infections such as oral thrush and cryptococcal meningitis, which are common in immunocompromised individuals, including those with AIDS. The drug works by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis, an essential component of fungal cell membranes, thus exhibiting selective toxicity towards the fungus while reducing side effects when compared to other antifungals like the imidazoles.
In the treatment of genital yeast infections, topical antifungals like butoconazole and clotrimazole are often used initially. However, for certain types of infections where topical treatments may not be as effective or convenient, oral Fluconazole can be administered. Clinicians also use Fluconazole in a preventive capacity for patients at high risk of fungal infections due to compromised immune systems.
During pregnancy, the choice of antifungal is critical due to potential risks to the fetus. Clotrimazole, for example, is classified as a category B drug by the FDA and is considered safe for use during the second and third trimesters. For cases of cryptococcal infections, Fluconazole is commonly used following an initial treatment with amphotericin B and flucytosine to ensure complete eradication of the fungus.