Final answer:
The central building to Jewish society was The Temple in Jerusalem, which was the heart of ancient Jewish religious life. Although it was destroyed, its Western Wall remains the holiest site for Jews today, while Synagogues serve as local places of worship.
Step-by-step explanation:
For Jewish people, the building that was central to their society was a) The Temple in Jerusalem. It was the center of the Yahwist religion where rituals and worship of Yahweh were overseen by priests. The Temple included courtyards, an enclosed sanctuary with altars, and the Holy of Holies, the most sacred space where God was believed to be present. Although the Temple was destroyed in 70 C.E., its remaining Western Wall is still the holiest place for Jews today.
The Synagogue also plays a significant role in Jewish community life as a place of worship and learning, holding hand-written scrolls of the Torah. However, the Synagogue does not hold the same central societal importance as the Temple did in ancient times. At present, the Western Wall is part of the Temple Mount, which includes other significant religious sites such as the Dome of the Rock mosque, sacred to Islam.