Final answer:
The amount of liquid to load into a tanker relies on the physical properties of the liquid, the volume expansion due to temperature, and the tanker's capacity. Oil tankers sit lower when loaded due to the large mass of oil displacing water, and precautions must be taken to account for volume expansion of liquids like gasoline relative to the tanker material.
Step-by-step explanation:
The amount of liquid to load into a tanker depends on several physical factors, including the density of the liquid, the volume expansion of the liquid and the tanker's material, and the overall mass that the tanker can safely carry. Specifically, when discussing oil tankers, one must consider that the density of oil is less than that of water. However, a loaded oil tanker sits lower in the water than an empty one because it is carrying a large mass of oil. The weight of this oil mass effectively displaces more water, causing the tanker to sit lower.
Additionally, when considering the expansion of materials, it's crucial to understand that the tanker and its contents, such as gasoline, may undergo volume expansion due to temperature changes. While the steel of the tanker will expand somewhat, the gasoline will typically expand more due to having a higher coefficient of thermal expansion. The difference in the volume changes between the gasoline and the tank's steel must be accounted for to prevent overfilling and potential spillage.
Understanding these concepts is important when considering logistics related to tankers of various sizes, from small gas tanks used in laboratories to large supertankers used in international trade. The way these vessels respond to a force, such as those required to change their velocity, also comes into play considering the massive masses they often transport.