Final answer:
The correct answer is d. All of the above. Tennessee v. Garner, Scott v. Harris, and Graham v. Conner are all Supreme Court cases that involve constitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer is d. All of the above. Tennessee v. Garner, Scott v. Harris, and Graham v. Conner are all Supreme Court cases that involve constitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. Tennessee v. Garner (1985) addressed the use of deadly force by law enforcement officers.
The Court held that the use of deadly force to apprehend a fleeing suspect is a seizure subject to the Fourth Amendment's reasonableness requirement. Scott v. Harris (2007) involved a high-speed police chase. The Court held that the use of deadly force to stop a fleeing suspect who poses a significant threat of death or serious bodily harm to others is not a Fourth Amendment violation.
Graham v. Conner (1989) dealt with excessive use of force by law enforcement officers. The Court established that the reasonableness of an officer's use of force should be evaluated from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the benefit of hindsight.