Final answer:
Mineralocorticoids, specifically aldosterone, are responsible for regulating electrolyte balance by controlling the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium in the kidneys, directly affecting blood volume and pressure.
Step-by-step explanation:
Hormones from the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte balance are mineralocorticoids. The most significant mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, which is critical in regulating the balance of sodium and potassium ions within the body. Aldosterone works by promoting the reabsorption of sodium ions (Na+) and the excretion of potassium ions (K+) in the kidneys. This reabsorption of sodium also leads to the osmotic reabsorption of water, directly influencing blood volume and blood pressure. In contrast to aldosterone, antidiuretic hormones mainly focus on water balance by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys, and glucocorticoids are involved in the metabolic processing of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and are important for stress response.