Final answer:
The correct answer to the question is d. All of the above, as federal jurisdiction based upon a "federal question" includes cases that are based on the United States Constitution, a federal statute, or a federal treaty.
Step-by-step explanation:
Federal jurisdiction based on a "federal question" encompasses cases rooted in the United States Constitution, federal statutes, and federal treaties. The correct answer is indeed "d. All of the above." Federal courts possess the authority to adjudicate cases involving a federal question, whether it pertains to constitutional matters, federal laws, or treaties. This jurisdiction extends to cases with federal parties. The basis for federal courts' jurisdiction over such cases is derived from Article III of the U.S. Constitution, outlining the scope of federal judicial authority.
Therefore, any legal issue involving constitutional rights, federal statutes, or international treaties falls within the purview of federal jurisdiction, emphasizing the broad and comprehensive nature of federal question jurisdiction in the United States.