Final answer:
The correct answer is retrieval, which describes the difficulty experienced during the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon when information cannot be accessed despite being stored in memory.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer is option b) retrieval. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is a common experience where a person is unable to retrieve a word or name from memory, even though they feel that they know the information.
This phenomenon is an example of a retrieval failure, where information that has been encoded and stored in memory is temporarily inaccessible. A sense of familiarity exists, such as remembering that a very famous actor's name is Morgan Freeman, but being momentarily unable to recall it.
Memory retrieval can be impeded by interference, either retroactive (new information blocking out old information) or proactive (old information blocking out new information).
Other problems with memory, such as encoding failure, amnesia, and distractions, can also lead to forgetting, but the tip-of-the-tongue state specifically refers to difficulty in retrieval, not the failure to store the information.
The correct answer is option b) retrieval. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is a failure of retrieval. It occurs when you know that you know the answer to a question, but you can't quite recall it.
For example, when you are trying to remember the name of a famous actor like Morgan Freeman, but it just eludes you. This phenomenon suggests that the information is stored in memory but is temporarily inaccessible.