Final answer:
The correct answer is option d, where cue-dependent forgetting happens due to the absence of retrieval cues that aid in recalling information from memory.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer is option d. Cue-dependent forgetting occurs when there is a lack of retrieval cues in the environment. This type of forgetting arises because the information is stored in our memory, but without specific cues, we cannot access it.
It's similar to knowing that a book is on your e-reader but not remembering the title or author to locate it. To retrieve memories more effectively, the inclusion of relevant cues or hints can facilitate the recall process.
Retrieval cues are particularly important because they can be seen as 'paths' to finding the information in the vast storage of long-term memory.
In instance of learning new information and attempting to integrate it with what we already know, the use of effective retrieval strategies, like mnemonic devices, rehearsal, and self-referencing, can help to strengthen memory retention and facilitate recall.
Cue-dependent forgetting occurs when there is a lack of retrieval cues in the environment. Retrieval cues are stimuli or reminders that help us access stored information from long-term memory. Without these cues, it becomes difficult to retrieve or remember the information we have encoded.
For example, if you have studied for an exam in a particular environment or with certain cues (such as soft background music or a particular scent), you may struggle to recall the information when you are in a different environment without those cues.