Question

B. Mostly bad ruling combined with a little bad luck

Answer 1

The right kidney is located slightly lower than the left kidney due to the presence of the liver. Urine formed in the kidney drains into the renal pelvis, then narrows into the ureter. The ureters then transfer urine to the bladder, preventing reflux back into the ureters.

Step-by-step explanation:

Anatomy and Physiology of the Kidney

The right kidney is located slightly lower than the left due to the presence of the liver. Each kidney acts as a filter for the blood, removing waste and excess substances, which are excreted as urine.

Urine formation begins in the functional units of the kidney, the nephrons, and then drains into the calyces, which merge to form the funnel-shaped renal pelvis.

This structure is found at the hilum of each kidney. The renal pelvis then narrows and becomes the ureter of each kidney.

When considering the extension of the right kidney into the pelvis, it's important to address its relation to other anatomical structures.

The kidneys are retroperitoneal, meaning they are located behind the peritoneum that lines the abdominal cavity, well protected by muscle, fat, and ribs.

The ureters are the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. As the ureters enter the pelvis, they sweep laterally and then turn medially and pierce the bladder wall obliquely.

This creates a one-way valve that allows urine into the bladder but prevents reflux back into the ureters, which is important for preventing infections like vesicoureteral reflux.

Answer 2

Machiavelli historically assessed the Italian past princes as mostly having bad ruling combined with a little bad luck (Option B).

Step-by-step explanation:

When assessing what is Machiavelli's historical assessment of Italy's past princes, it's important to understand Machiavelli's examination of leadership and governance during his time. He is widely known for his political treatise, 'The Prince,' where he discussed the qualities of rulers and the nature of their rule.

His analysis suggests that the failures of the Italian principalities were not due to chance but rather to mostly bad ruling combined with a little bad luck, indicating that the decisions and actions of the rulers were primarily responsible for their downfalls, accompanied by some unfortunate circumstances. Machiavelli argued that fortune plays a role in human affairs, but it was predominantly the leaders' mismanagement that led to the decline of Italian states during the Renaissance period.

Thus, the correct option is B.

Your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was

What is Machiavelli's historical assessment of Italy's past princes?

(A.) Mostly bad luck despite good ruling

(B.) Mostly bad ruling combined with a little bad luck

(C.) Mostly bad ruling despite good luck

(D.) Mostly bad luck combined with a little bad ruling