Final answer:
The conical projection from the mastoid portion is the mastoid process, serving as a muscle attachment. The styloid process is another projection from the temporal bone that supports muscles and a ligament for the hyoid bone.
Step-by-step explanation:
The conical process projecting from the mastoid portion of the temporal bone is known as the mastoid process. This bony prominence serves as an attachment site for muscles and can be felt just behind the earlobe. Another similar feature is the styloid process, which is an elongated bony projection located on the external base of the skull, resembling a stylus. It serves as an attachment site for several small muscles and a ligament that supports the hyoid bone.
It's important to note that the temporal bone is comprised of several parts: the squamous portion, zygomatic process, mastoid portion, and petrous ridge—each with specific functions and features. The zygomatic process forms the posterior part of the zygomatic arch, while the petrous ridge houses the structures of the middle and inner ears inside the cranial cavity.