Final answer:
The trigeminal nerve is the sensory nerve that extends to the forehead, temple, and upper cheek, entering the brain stem at the pons, with key exit points including the foramen rotundum and foramen ovale.
Step-by-step explanation:
The nerve that extends to the side of the forehead, temple, and upper part of the cheek is the trigeminal nerve, which is a major sensory nerve of the head. This nerve emerges through several foramina: the trigeminal system conveys somatosensation into the brain stem at the level of the pons, and its synapses are distributed across nuclei found throughout the brain stem.
Key foramina related to the trigeminal nerve include the foramen rotundum and foramen ovale of the middle cranial fossa. The infraorbital foramen also allows the passage of sensory nerves that supply the nose, upper lip, and anterior cheek.