Final answer:
The term 'dyspnea' matches the definition of 'shortness of breath or labored breathing.' Pneumonia is the disease associated with alveoli becoming inflamed and filling with fluid. Changes in lung compliance and resistance can lead to respiratory complications that affect gas exchange.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term that matches the definition "shortness of breath or labored breathing" is dyspnea. From the list provided, dyspnea specifically refers to the sensation of breathlessness or difficulty in breathing, which is a symptom commonly associated with various cardiopulmonary conditions. Looking at another part of the exercise related to diseases affecting the lungs, pneumonia is the condition where alveoli become inflamed and fill with fluid, making gas exchange difficult and often causing symptoms like coughing, chest pain, and difficulty in breathing. In the context of pregnancy, the increased demand for oxygen and the physical changes a pregnant body undergoes can lead to dyspnea, which usually gets better once the fetus descends in a process called lightening. Lastly, changes in lung compliance and resistance can lead to different types of breathing difficulties, as seen in restrictive diseases like fibrosis and obstructive diseases like asthma or emphysema. Alterations in ventilation and perfusion, or V/Q mismatch, can significantly affect gas exchange efficiency and lead to respiratory complications.