Final answer:
Southern states enacted Black Codes and Jim Crow laws to undermine the rights of African Americans, resulting in disenfranchisement and racial segregation maintained through various legal and extralegal measures.
Step-by-step explanation:
States and local governments in the South passed laws intended to undermine or weaken the new rights African Americans had gained during Reconstruction. These discriminatory laws and provisions are known collectively as Black Codes and Jim Crow laws. The Black Codes regulated black behavior, imposed social and economic control, and denied fundamental rights such as serving on juries or recognizing black testimony against white people. The vagrancy laws of these codes also constrained the freedom of African Americans by forcing them into exploitative labor contracts under the guise of 'solving' unemployment.
Similarly, Jim Crow laws institutionalized racial segregation and disenfranchisement. These laws made it legal to separate African Americans from white Americans in public spaces so long as the facilities provided were 'equal,' a doctrine upheld by the Supreme Court in the Plessy v. Ferguson case. However, these 'separate but equal' facilities were seldom, if ever, truly equal. These laws also included measures such as property qualifications, gerrymandering, and fraud to curtail the African American vote.