Final answer:
Raphael's The School of Athens creates the illusion of three-dimensional space through the use of linear and atmospheric perspective.
Step-by-step explanation:
Raphael's The School of Athens creates the illusion of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface through the use of various techniques, including linear and atmospheric perspective.
Linear perspective is a method that uses converging lines to create the illusion of depth. In The School of Athens, Raphael uses vanishing points and orthogonals to create a sense of depth and space.
Atmospheric perspective, on the other hand, involves using changes in color, value, and detail to create the illusion of distance. In the painting, objects that are farther away from the viewer appear less detailed, lighter in value, and more muted in color, creating the illusion of depth.