Final answer:
Cognition is the medical term related to thinking, studied extensively in cognitive psychology, which can be affected by mindful awareness and involves deductive reasoning.
Step-by-step explanation:
The medical term that contains the root meaning thinking is d) cognition. Cognitive psychology, a branch dedicated to the study of human thinking, elaborates on various cognitive processes. For instance, cognitive processes such as learning can be influenced by practices like c) mindful awareness. Another aspect of cognitive psychology involves different types of logical thinking, one of which is called a) deductive reasoning, where general conclusions are drawn from related observations.