Final answer:
Management science is sometimes known as operations research. It encompasses techniques such as mathematical modeling and statistical analysis to aid in decision-making and is distinct from scientific management, bureaucracy, and administrative management. Option 3.
Step-by-step explanation:
Management science is also known as operations research. This field employs analytical methods to aid in decision-making and solve complex organizational problems.
It emerged from the need to tackle logistical and strategic challenges efficiently during World War II and has since evolved to encompass various techniques such as mathematical modeling, statistical analysis, and simulation.
The history of management thought includes various perspectives such as scientific management, introduced by Fredrick Taylor, which focused on optimizing labor productivity and efficiency through time-motion studies and standardizing tasks.
In contrast, bureaucracy emphasizes an organizational structure with a clear hierarchy and division of labor, as discussed by German scholar Lorenz von Stein, who is often credited with being the father of the science of public administration.
Additionally, the human relations approach, which can be compared with theories of administrative management, sought to integrate the social needs of workers into management techniques.
Alongside these theories, contextually, management science is aligned with the practical application of these principles through operations research to achieve organizational goals.
Hence, the right answer is option Option 3.