Final answer:
Nail bleaches and lighteners often contain oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide or chlorine-based agents such as sodium hypochlorite, which react with organic pigments to lighten nails but can also be harmful if misused.
Step-by-step explanation:
Nail bleaches and lighteners commonly contain compounds that are capable of oxidizing or reducing organic pigments to lighten the natural color of nails. Oxidizing bleaching agents, such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium percarbonate, and sodium perborate, are frequently used in non-chlorine or oxygen bleaches and are also used for tooth whitening and hair bleaching. These substances react with colored organic compounds by removing electrons, turning them into colorless materials. Conversely, chlorine-based bleaches, typically containing sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite, are powerful oxidizers and are more commonly associated with household cleaning products for whitening laundry and household surfaces.
It's important to note that while these chemicals are effective at bleaching, they can have harmful effects. They can weaken or damage natural materials like fibers and leather, and exposure to their fumes or contact with skin or eyes can cause health damage.