Final answer:
The signs and symptoms of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) generally include ketonuria, glycosuria, hyperglycemia, polyuria, weight loss, and other associated symptoms but do not include weight gain. The correct option is C .
Step-by-step explanation:
The signs and symptoms of IDDM (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) do not include increased weight gain but instead are typically characterized by weight loss. IDDM, also known as Type 1 Diabetes, occurs due to an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This leads to a deficiency of insulin, which is vital for glucose to enter cells and be used as energy. Without insulin, glucose accumulates in the blood, causing hyperglycemia.
Common symptoms of IDDM include:
- Ketonuria and glycosuria (the presence of ketones and glucose in the urine, respectively)
- Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels)
- Polyuria (frequent urination)
- Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
- Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
Additionally, during an insulin tolerance test, individuals with IDDM exhibit a drop in blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia) relative to the 0-hour mark, confirming the type of diabetes. IDDM patients might also experience symptoms like the smell of acetone on their breath (due to ketone bodies), abdominal pain, and hyperventilation.
When treating IDDM with insulin therapy, care must be taken regarding the dosage. Excess insulin can lead to hypoglycemia, characterized by symptoms such as sweating, tremors, and fainting attacks. If hypoglycemia is very severe and persists, it indicates that the insulin dosage exceeds the patient's needs and should be reduced.
It is important to note that with IDDM, even when there is an abundance of glucose in the blood, it cannot be utilized effectively by the cells. This results in the release of fatty acids and the overproduction of ketone bodies, which can lead to ketoacidosis, a serious condition that necessitates immediate medical attention.
In conclusion, the presentation of weight loss rather than weight gain is a characteristic symptom of IDDM, and all measures must be taken to ensure that insulin therapy is properly managed to avoid further complications.