Final answer:
d) contraception. Tubal ligation is a surgical sterilization procedure performed in females to block the Fallopian tubes and prevent sperm from reaching and fertilizing an egg, providing permanent contraception.
Step-by-step explanation:
Tubal ligation is a surgical sterilization procedure performed in females. It involves blocking the Fallopian tubes so that sperm cannot reach and fertilize an egg, providing permanent contraception. The procedure may be done by tying or cutting the tubes surgically or using non-surgical methods like inserting tiny metal implants into the tubes, which cause scar tissue growth and permanently block the tubes.