Final answer:
Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow is called osteomyelitis, caused by infection from various bacteria, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most common.
Step-by-step explanation:
The inflammation of bone and bone marrow is known as osteomyelitis. This condition is usually caused by an infection that can be acute or chronic. The most common bacteria responsible for osteomyelitis is Staphylococcus aureus. However, several other microorganisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pyogenes can also cause this condition. In adults, bacteria can directly infect bone tissue through open wounds or surgery, whereas in children, bacteria often spread to the bone from the bloodstream, affecting long bones like the femur due to children's extensive bone vascularization.