Final answer:
Insulin reduces plasma K+ levels by causing the uptake of potassium into cells alongside glucose, a process that can lead to hyperpolarization of neurons. The hormone also has multiple functions including stimulating glucose metabolism and regulating its uptake by triggering the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane.
Step-by-step explanation:
Insulin plays a critical role in regulating plasma potassium levels (plasma K+). When insulin is administered to insulin-dependent diabetic patients, it not only facilitates glucose uptake by cells but also influences the movement of electrolytes. As glucose is taken up by cells, potassium follows into the cell, reducing the concentration of potassium in the blood and interstitial fluid (IF). This movement of potassium into cells can lead to hyperpolarization of cell membranes, particularly neurons, thus reducing their responses to stimuli.
The action of insulin on lowering blood glucose levels is multi-faceted: it stimulates glycolysis, promotes glycogen synthesis in the liver, and inhibits processes such as glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Additionally, the function of the insulin receptor is pivotal for the uptake and metabolism of glucose, which involves a cascade of protein activations and the translocation of Glut-4 transporter to the plasma membrane.Insulin has an effect on plasma K+ by causing a redistribution of potassium in the blood. When insulin is administered and glucose is taken up by cells, potassium passes through the cell membrane along with glucose, decreasing the amount of potassium in the blood. This can lead to hyperpolarization of the cell membranes of neurons, reducing their responses to stimuli.