Final answer:
In pediatrics, for non-irritating or non-vesicant infusions, additional veins such as the cephalic, basilic, median cubital, axillary, brachial, ulnar, median antebrachial, inferior epigastric veins, as well as palmar arches and digital veins, can be utilized. Larger veins in the lower body, like the femoral and popliteal veins, are also options but require specialized skills to access.
Step-by-step explanation:
In pediatric healthcare, when administering non-irritating or non-vesicant infusions, it is essential to select appropriate veins to minimize the risk of complications. Besides the commonly used peripheral veins in the hands and forearms, additional venous sites can be utilized. These include the cephalic vein, which runs along the radial side of the arm and can be accessed in the forearm or antecubital fossa.
The basilic vein and the median cubital vein are also choices, with the latter often serving as a connection between the cephalic and basilic veins. The axillary vein, which is found in the armpit area, and the brachial veins, which are deeper in the arm, may be used but require more expertise in pediatric patients.
Other veins such as the ulnar vein, median antebrachial vein, inferior epigastric vein, deep palmar arch, and superficial palmar arch, as well as the palmar digital veins, offer additional sites for infusion but are less commonly used due to their size or depth.
For more significant veins in the lower body, the deep femoral vein, great saphenous vein, femoral vein, accessory saphenous vein, superior genicular veins, popliteal vein, and inferior genicular veins might be considered in specific clinical scenarios or in an emergency situation. However, accessing these veins should be performed by healthcare professionals specialized in pediatric vascular access.