Final answer:
The protocol used by DNS when the response data size exceeds 512 bytes is TCP.
Step-by-step explanation:
The protocol used by DNS when the response data size exceeds 512 bytes is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). DNS primarily uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP) for its queries and responses which has a maximum message size of 512 bytes. However, when the response data is larger than 512 bytes, DNS switches to TCP for reliable data transfer.