Final answer:
Anthropometry is the scientific study of human body measurements and proportions, invented by Alphonse Bertillon for criminal identification.
Step-by-step explanation:
Anthropometry is the scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body. It involves taking precise measurements of various body parts, such as height, weight, and limb lengths, to analyze human physical characteristics and variations. Anthropometry was invented by Alphonse Bertillon, a French police officer, in the late 19th century. He used anthropometry to develop a system for identifying individuals based on their body measurements, which was used for criminal identification before the advent of fingerprinting.