Final answer:
Birth defects, liver damage, and heart diseases can be seen as long-term health effects, though some conditions related to heart and lung issues may start as short-term effects.
Step-by-step explanation:
Birth defects, liver damage, and heart diseases are health-related outcomes that can be tied to both short-term and long-term effects of various exposures. For example, certain chemicals can cause birth defects if exposure occurs during key developmental periods. Such effects are often severe and irreversible, classifying them as long-term.
Liver damage is another health issue that can result from both acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) exposures. In the long-term, consistent exposure to substances like alcohol or certain medications can lead to liver damage that may be irreversible, indicating a long-lasting effect. Heart diseases can also develop as a result of long-term exposures to risk factors such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure. These diseases may take years to manifest and are usually indicative of chronic, long-standing health issues.
It's important to recognize that certain health effects like respiratory symptoms and medication use can appear shortly after exposure to harmful substances, constituting short-term effects. However, conditions like heart or lung disease and premature mortality, which develop over a longer period, are typically seen as the result of long-term exposure.