Final answer:
Expressed consent is informed consent formally given by a patient or authorized representative understanding all relevant details about medical procedures. It protects patient autonomy, ensuring they volunteer for clinical trials and medical interventions while fully informed. When a patient is unable to provide consent, alternatives such as advance directives or authorization by a legal guardian become important.
Step-by-step explanation:
Expressed consent is a fundamental concept in medical ethics and law, underscoring the principle of patient autonomy. It is informed consent given by a patient who is fully informed about the procedures, risks, benefits, and alternatives. Before clinical interventions, such as surgeries or participation in research studies, healthcare professionals must obtain expressed consent from the patient or the patient's legally authorized representative.
In cases where the patient is underage, incapacitated, or otherwise unable to provide consent, a parent or legal guardian can provide consent on the patient's behalf. This is crucial in situations where immediate medical intervention is required but the patient is unconscious or unable to communicate, such as during emergencies or when the patient has a DNR (Do Not Resuscitate) order or other advanced directive in place.
Autonomy and informed consent are safeguarded by ensuring participants understand the nature of the clinical trial, ensuring voluntary participation, and maintaining confidentiality. Hospitals and medical teams use protocols and checklists to confirm patient identity, procedure details, and consent before proceeding with any medical treatment or surgery.