Final answer:
Epinephrine should not be used on patients with certain cardiovascular conditions such as frequent angina, a recent MI, or those with a pacemaker due to potential adverse cardiac effects. The correct option is d.
Step-by-step explanation:
Epinephrine should NOT be used on patients who:
- experience angina on a daily basis
- Had an MI (Myocardial Infarction) episode 7 months ago
- Have a pacemaker
Epinephrine is a medication that is used to counteract the effects of anaphylactic shock by raising blood pressure and relaxing bronchial smooth muscle. It is commonly available in the form of an EpiPen®, which is an auto-injectable syringe preloaded with a measured dose of epinephrine.
However, it should not be used in patients with certain cardiovascular conditions, such as those who frequently experience angina, have had a recent MI, or those with a pacemaker, due to the potential for adverse cardiac effects.
Angina is chest pain caused by reduced blood supply to the heart muscle, which indicates that the heart is already in a stressed condition, and the use of epinephrine can exacerbate this condition by increasing blood pressure and heart rate.
A history of Myocardial Infarction (MI) implies that the patient has a damaged heart muscle and could respond poorly to the increased cardiac demands that epinephrine might cause.
Finally, patients with pacemakers may have underlying heart rhythm problems, and the administration of epinephrine might interfere with the function of the pacemaker or worsen the patient's cardiac condition. Option d. is the correct one.