Final answer:
Acoustic streaming is the unidirectional movement of fluids due to ultrasound, which can lead to cavitation and cell lysis in biological contexts. Sonication is a method that uses ultrasound for cell disruption. The piezoelectric effect describes the dual transmitting and receiving capabilities of crystals employed in ultrasound devices.
Step-by-step explanation:
The unidirectional movement of fluids surrounding the cell membrane from ultrasound is defined as acoustic streaming. This mechanical effect results when the ultrasound wave's energy is absorbed by the medium, leading to fluid flow. Effects such as cavitation, which is the creation of vapor cavities in a fluid, can occur as a result of ultrasound as well. As a laboratory method, sonication involves the use of high-frequency ultrasound waves to disrupt cell structures, leading to cavitation and cell lysis, as cells can rupture when these cavities collapse due to rapid localized pressure changes.
The piezoelectric effect is related to ultrasound in that it describes the expansion and contraction of a substance when a voltage is applied across it, serving as both a transmitter and receiver of sound waves for imaging and therapeutic purposes.
Lastly, when considering the oscillation of a liquid, such as in the splashing of water, the restoring force is due to mechanical energy, which includes both potential and kinetic energy components, as opposed to solely gravity or potential energy.