Final answer:
The Ottoman Turks established a strong presence in Anatolia and became influential in Islamic expansion, utilizing the Janissaries from the devshirme system and exhibiting religious tolerance under rulers like Mehmed II. Internal and external pressures led to challenges and the eventual dissolution of their empire.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Ottoman Turks, emerging as powerful actors in Anatolia after the decline of the Byzantine Empire, committed to the expansion and protection of Islam. Under the Seljuk influence, they aimed to conquer and Islamize the region, which they did by laying siege to Byzantine cities and establishing important religious and administrative centers, such as Bursa.
The Janissaries, an elite military group, were one significant aspect of their military strategy, often comprising converted Christian boys trained under the devshirme system. Additionally, following victories and conquests, Ottoman leaders such as Mehmed II were known for their religious tolerance and contributions to Istanbul's transformation into a cultural and academic hub, indirectly influencing the onset of the Renaissance in Europe through the emigration of scholars.
Mehmed's successors continued to build a complex and diverse empire, grappling with internal challenges such as Bayezid's downfall at Ankara due to the defection of his Anatolian vassals, but also faced external pressures, such as Arab revolts and war outcomes that led to territorial losses and the eventual dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.