Final answer:
European nations and Japan pursued colonies during the late 19th century and early 20th century to gain raw materials, markets for goods, and bolster national prestige, in what's known as the age of imperialism. Their swift expansion was aided by superior military technology, and strategic exploitation of local divisions.
Step-by-step explanation:
During the late 19th century and early 20th century, European powers expanded their imperial reach and established colonies in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. This period, often referred to as the age of imperialism, was driven by a combination of economic, political, and military motives. European nations like Britain, France, Germany, and emerging powers such as Japan sought to secure sources of raw materials, new markets for their manufactured goods, and to demonstrate and enhance their national prestige through colonial conquests.
The Scramble for Africa reflected the intense competition among European states to claim territory, with nearly the entire continent coming under European control. Nations such as France constructed empires in places like Indochina, while Japan focused on regions like Korea. Collecting colonies transformed into a symbol of status among the powers, influencing global politics and leading to conflicts, such as the war between Japan and Russia. Moreover, the United States also joined the race, establishing its presence in locations like Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines.
The rapid spread of European imperialism was facilitated by their significant military advantage, driven by technological advancements and organizational efficiency, overpowering the resistance of colonized regions. Furthermore, European powers were adept at exploiting local divisions and forming alliances with local elites to maintain control.