Final answer:
Aberrations are corrected using lenses with special shapes and multiple elements, graded index lenses, and advanced computing techniques similar to those in photo editing software.
Step-by-step explanation:
Image quality techniques used to estimate aberrations include the design of complex lens shapes, the use of graded index (GRIN) lenses, and advanced computing techniques for post-capture image correction.
Specifically, to correct aberrations, lenses may be crafted with specially shaped surfaces, differing from the simpler spherical designs. High-quality camera lenses, for instance, are large in diameter to gather more light and incorporate multiple elements to correct for different aberrations. GRIN lenses, which have a range of refractive indices, are key in providing varying focusing abilities, as seen in spectacles and crucial for optical fibers in endoscopes. Additionally, sophisticated software, akin to those found in packages like Adobe Photoshop, assist in correcting images after they have been taken once certain characteristics of the optical system are known.