Final answer:
The answer to the question regarding which option is NOT a cause of sentencing disparity is d. Equal representation of all demographic groups.' Sentencing disparities arise from differences in sentencing guidelines, variations in judicial discretion, and geographic disparities, but equal representation aims to reduce, not cause such disparities.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sentencing disparity can occur due to various factors in the criminal justice system. However, one option listed does not represent a known cause of disparity. The correct answer to the question regarding which of the following is NOT a way that sentencing disparity occurs is d. Equal representation of all demographic groups. The sentencing disparity is generally understood to stem from three main sources:
- Differences in sentencing guidelines, can lead to varying outcomes depending on how different jurisdictions interpret and apply these guidelines.
- Variations in judicial discretion, as judges often have leeway in determining sentences based on their interpretations or personal biases, which can lead to inconsistent sentencing for similar crimes.
- Geographic disparities in punishment, indicate that where a crime is committed can affect the severity of the sentence due to local laws, practices, and cultural differences.
Equal representation of all demographic groups does not cause disparities. In fact, ideally, equal representation would reduce disparity, as it suggests that all groups are treated equitably in the system. Disparities arise when there is unequal and discriminatory treatment based on identity markers such as race, gender, or socioeconomic status. These disparities are often highlighted in studies examining the criminal justice system, including differences in arrest rates, bail assessments, and sentencing outcomes.